Intro to Anatomy & Physiology

Definitions

1. Anatomy - structure, means "to cut apart"
2. Physiology - function
3. Principle of Complementarity -
   "function reflects structure"
   

Hierarchy of Organization

1. cell
2. tissue
3. organ (at least 2 types of tissues)
4. organ system
5. organism

Organ Systems

1. Integumentary (skin)
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Circulatory
5. Nervous
6. Endocrine
7. Cardiovascular
8. Respiratory
9. Excretory (Urinary)
10. Reproductive
11. Immune
12. Lymphatic

Homeostasis

1. Not a static condition
2. Dynamic change to maintain narrow limits
3. Maintain stable internal environment
4. Example: thermostat in home
5. Major organ systems responsible:
   nervous
   endocrine

Feedback Mechanisms

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
1. Most body mechanisms utilize
2. increase output causes a decreased input
3. response changes in opposite direction
   

   POSITIVE FEEDBACK

4. few examples in body
5. response changes in same direction
6. called a "cascade or amplification"

Anatomical Terminology

Prefixes

Prefix	Meaning	Example
ab -	away from	abduction
ad -	toward	adduction
anti -	against	antipyretic
contra -	opposite, against	contraceptive
ect-, exo-	outside	ectoplasm
extra-	.	extracellular
endo-	inside	endoplasm
epi -	upon	epidermis
hyper-	over, above	hyperkinetic
hypo-	under, below	hypotensive
sub-	under	sublingual
supra-,super	above	suprailiac





Common Roots:

Roots	Meaning
arthr-	joint
cardia-	heart
cephal-	head
caud-	tail
chondr-	cartilage
cost-	rib
coxa-	hip
erythr-	red
hepat-	liver
hem-	blood
my-	muscle
neur-	nerve
oste-, oss-	bone
thorac-	chest
vas-	vessel





Common Suffixes:

suffix	Meaning
-algia	pain
-emia-	blood
-itis	inflammation
-lysis	destruction
-megaly	enlargement
-ology-	study of
-otomy	cut into
-pathy	disease
-penia	few
-stenosis	narrow
-trophy	nourishment
-uria	urine





Directional Terms:

1. Superior (cranial) - toward the head
2. Inferior (caudal) - toward the tail
3. Anterior (ventral) - front
4. Posterior (dorsal) - back
5. Medial - toward the midline
6. Lateral - away from the midline
7. Proximal - closer to the origin (torso)
8. Distal - farther from the origin
9. Examples
   1. The elbow is ___ to the hand. ANSWER
   2. The fibula is _______to the tibia. ANSWER
   3. The vertebrae is _____ to the umbilicus. ANSWER
   4. The ulna is on the_____side of the forearm. ANSWER

Anatomical Position

1. Reference position -
   1. body erect
   2. palms forward
   3. thumbs outside of body (lateral)

Body Planes

1. Sagittal (Anteroposterior) - divides body into right and left halves
   1. Midsagittal = equal halves
   2. Parasagittal = unequal halves
2. Frontal (Coronal) - divides body into front and back halves
3. Transverse (Horizontal) - divides body into top and bottom halves

Regional Terms:

1. Antecubital
2. Axillary
3. Brachial
4. Cervical
5. Umbilicus
6. Femoral
7. Inguinal (Iliac)
8. Patellar
9. Popliteal
10. Thoracic

Body cavities

1. Dorsal
   1. Cranial cavity
   2. Vertebral cavity
2. Ventral
   1. Thoracic cavity
      1. pleural
      2. pericardial
   2. Abdominopelvic cavity:
      1. viscera in abdominal
      2. reproductive organs in pelvic cavity
   3. Ventral cavity contains:
      Serous membrane (2 layers):
      1. parietal - "outer wall"
      2. visceral - near organ
   4. Serous fluid within 2 layers:
      1. Pleural cavity
      2. Pericardial cavity
      3. Peritoneum
   5. Thoracic & Abdominal cavities seperated by diaphragm

Sample Quiz:

1. Which 2 organ systems are primarily responsible for hoemostasis?
2. Define hypo and hyper secretion?
3. Define medial/ lateral
4. What if the process which moves a substance across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient (requires ATP)?
5. What is the term for the neck region?
6. What is a mitochondria?
7. What are the 4 types of tissue?
8. Define dysuria? Polyuria?
9. Define pyelonephritis?
10. What is simple squamous?